Navigating the nuances of grammar can be like untangling a web of intricate rules. In our pursuit of clear and effective communication, we often encounter stumbling blocks that impede our writing’s fluency. Let’s explore and demystify three common grammar challenges that frequently trip us up: commas, subject-verb agreement with complex subjects, and maintaining parallel structure.

COMMAS

Commas are the unsung heroes of punctuation, yet their misuse can alter a sentence’s intended meaning. Their placement can change the flow and comprehension of your writing. Whether setting off introductory phrases, separating items in a list, or delineating clauses, knowing where to place commas is essential for clarity. Misplaced commas can lead to confusion, such as in this example: “Let’s eat Grandma” versus “Let’s eat, Grandma.”

After Introductory Clauses:
Commas are used after introductory words, phrases, or clauses that come before the main clause.
Example:

After finishing her homework, Emily went for a walk.

Separating Items in a List:
Commas are used to separate three or more items in a list.
Example:

She bought apples, oranges, and bananas from the market.

With Coordinate Adjectives:
When two or more adjectives equally describe a noun, a comma is used to separate them.
Example:

He wore a bright, colorful shirt.

Before Conjunctions in Compound Sentences:
When joining two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so, etc.), a comma precedes the conjunction.
Example:

She loves to dance, but she cannot sing.

Setting Off Non-Essential Information:
Commas are used to set off non-essential or non-restrictive clauses and phrases.
Example:

The movie, which was released last month, received positive reviews.

With Addresses and Dates:
Commas are used to separate parts of addresses or elements of a date.
Example:

She lives in Paris, France.

January 1, 2023, is the deadline.

After Interjections:
Commas are used after interjections or introductory words that express emotions.
Example:

Wow, that’s amazing!

When Directly Addressing Someone:
Commas are used when directly addressing a person in a sentence.
Example:

John, could you pass the salt, please?

Remember, commas help avoid ambiguity and structure your thoughts. But, excessive use can disrupt the rhythm of your sentences. Use them purposefully to guide readers without overwhelming them.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Subject-verb agreement seems straightforward until complex subjects, “or/nor,” and “and” muddy the waters. When the subject involves multiple elements or is connected by “or” and “nor,” the verb agrees with the closest noun or pronoun to the verb. For example, “The book or the pens are on the table.” Here, “pens” is closest to the verb “are,” so it determines the verb’s form.

When using “and,” the rule is different. The subject becomes plural when joined by “and.” For instance, “Sarah and her friends are attending the party.” Here, “Sarah and her friends” act as a plural subject connected by “and,” requiring the plural verb “are.”

PARALLEL STRUCTURE

Parallel structure ensures uniformity and balance in writing. It involves presenting similar ideas in a consistent format, whether in a list, a series, or a comparison. When constructing a list, make sure that the elements within it follow the same grammatical pattern. For example, “She likes hiking, swimming, and to ride bicycles” should be revised to “She likes hiking, swimming, and riding bicycles” for consistency.

Similarly, in comparisons, maintain a parallel structure by aligning the structure of the elements. For instance, “He enjoys not only reading books but also to write stories” should be adjusted to “He enjoys not only reading books but also writing stories” for parallelism.

Mastering these grammar intricacies requires practice, attention to detail, and an understanding of their application. By employing commas purposefully, navigating subject-verb agreements, and ensuring parallel structure, you can elevate the quality and clarity of your writing.